Personal installment loans allow borrowers to receive a lump sum of cash upfront and repay it over a fixed time period in equal monthly payments. These unsecured loans provide accessible financing for various personal needs without requiring collateral.
Installment loans are a popular option for those looking to consolidate high-interest debts, pay for home improvements, cover emergency expenses, or bridge temporary cash flow gaps. However, like any credit product, they must be used responsibly by understanding all the associated terms, costs, and eligibility criteria upfront.
This comprehensive guide will explain everything you need to know about personal installment loans to help determine if it’s the right financing option for your situation.
What Exactly Are Installment Loans?
Installment loans provide customers with a lump sum cash amount upfront, which is then repaid over a pre-set time period in fixed equal monthly payments.
Each monthly payment consists of a portion going towards interest costs and a portion reducing the principal balance. This structure allows borrowers to gradually pay off the loan until it is fully repaid by the end of the term, typically ranging between 12-60 months.
These loans are usually unsecured, meaning no collateral is required to qualify. Instead, lenders consider credit history, income levels, and debt-to-income ratios when approving applications.
Installment loans allow convenient access to financing for personal needs without pledging specific assets as security. The fixed regular payments also help borrowers budget by keeping repayment amounts predictable each month.
Some common uses of personal installment loans include:
- Debt consolidation
- Emergency expenses
- Home improvements
- Medical bills
- Major purchases
- Temporary cash flow shortfalls
By understanding all the costs and terms upfront, borrowers can determine if installment loans suit their unique situation compared to alternatives like credit cards or bank loans.
Key Terms and Fees Associated With Installment Loans
When applying for an installment loan, it is important to comprehend all the associated fees and terms which impact the total cost. Below are some key terms borrowers should understand:
Principal Amount – This refers to the total loan amount approved and disbursed to the borrower. It ranges anywhere from $1,000 to $100,000 based on income and credit profiles.
Interest Rate – Expressed as an Annual Percentage Rate (APR), this is the cost of borrowing charged on the principal amount. Rates can be fixed for the full term or variable.
Loan Term – The number of months over which the loan must be fully repaid. Typical terms offered are 12, 24, 36, 48, or 60 months. Longer terms mean lower monthly payments but higher interest costs.
Origination/Processing Fees – One-time upfront fee charged by the lender to process the application, usually ranging between 1%-6% of the approved loan amount.
Prepayment Penalties – Fees for paying off the loan prior to the full term. Not all installment loans charge this penalty.
Late Fees – Ranging between $10 to $50, these are assessed if a scheduled monthly payment is not received by the due date.
Reading the fine print for any hidden fees and understanding the APR helps compare lender loan offers to choose the most cost-effective option.
How Monthly Payments Are Calculated
One of the biggest benefits of installment loans is the fixed monthly payment for the duration of the loan. But how exactly is this monthly payment amount determined?
The three key inputs that determine monthly payments are:
- Principal loan amount
- Interest rate
- Loan repayment term
Here is an example to illustrate the calculation:
For a $10,000 loan with an 8% APR and 36 month term, the monthly payment will be calculated as:
Principal Amount: $10,000
Interest Rate: 8% annually = 0.67% monthly
Loan Term: 36 months
- Monthly Interest = Principal x Monthly Interest Rate
= $10,000 x 0.67% = $67 - Number of Payments = Loan Term in months = 36
- Monthly Payment = Principal + Interest / Number of months
= ($10,000 + $67) / 36 = $280
Therefore, the fixed monthly payment on this $10,000 installment loan at 8% interest for 3 years would be $280.
Understanding how the monthly payment is arrived at helps borrowers evaluate repayment affordability for different loan amount and term scenarios.
Eligibility Criteria and Qualifying for Approval
To qualify for an installment loan, applicants must meet certain eligibility criteria that lenders use to assess credit risk and repayment ability. Here are some key factors that influence approval decisions:
Credit History and Score – Most lenders require minimum credit scores between 600 to 700. They review factors like payment history, amounts owed, length of credit history, new credit, and credit mix. Applicants with poor scores below 600 may find it difficult to qualify.
Income and Employment – Proof of steady income through pay stubs, tax returns, or profit and loss statements is required. Many lenders want at least $1,200 to $1,500 in monthly income. Stable long-term employment or business ownership improves approval chances.
Existing Debt Obligations – Total monthly expenses on existing debts such as mortgages, student loans, auto loans, credit cards, child support, etc. should not exceed 40-50% of gross monthly income.
Collateral – Secured installment loans require pledging an asset like a vehicle title. This lowers lender risk for loan approval with lower credit scores.
Identity and Residence Verification – Valid SSN, phone numbers, mailing addresses, and other KYC documents are needed to prove one’s identity and residency status.
Down Payment – Some lenders may require 10-20% down payment on the loan amount requested.
By maintaining a strong credit profile and meeting key eligibility benchmarks, borrowers stand better chances of qualifying for an installment loan with favorable rates and terms.
What Factors Determine Your Interest Rates and Terms?
Interest rates and repayment terms on installment loans can vary considerably across different lenders. What dictates the actual rates and terms offered? Here are some influencing factors:
Credit score – Borrowers with “excellent” credit scores above 740 qualify for the lowest rates, while scores under 620 are considered subprime and get higher rates.
Income level – Higher incomes relative to the loan amount requested allow qualifying for lower rates. Low income may require a co-signer.
Requested loan amount – Lenders offer better rates for smaller loan amounts that pose less risk. Borrowing large amounts can lead to higher interest rates.
Loan purpose – Debt consolidation loans seem less risky so may have lower rates versus unstructured personal loans.
Collateral – Secured loans backed by collateral like a vehicle title tend to get better terms.
Relationship with lender – Existing customers with a history of timely repayments may get preferential pricing.
Competitor offers – Those with multiple rate offers can negotiate terms by pitting lenders against each other.
Looking at these parameters that influence pricing, borrowers can take steps to improve their rate offers before accepting a loan.
Should You Take Out an Installment Loan? Pros and Cons
Installment loans provide easy access to financing for personal needs. However, like any credit product, they also come with drawbacks. Weighing the pros and cons helps determine if they suit your requirements:
Pros
- Fixed monthly payments support disciplined repayment over time
- Fast approval and disbursal process to access lump sum amounts
- No collateral requirement makes qualification easier
- Can consolidate high-interest credit card balances into lower rate repayment
- Interest may be tax deductible unlike credit card interest
Cons
- Higher interest rates compared to secured loan options
- Prepayment penalties lock borrowers into full loan terms
- Defaulting can damage credit score and lead to aggressive collection efforts
- Debt obligations reduce ability to borrow for future needs
- Missed payments incur fees and negatively impact credit rating
Consider the urgency of your financing needs, repayment ability, and long term goals to decide if the pros outweigh the cons for your situation. Also compare costs to other alternative borrowing options.
Questions to Ask Your Lender Before Committing
Before signing the final loan agreement, asking the right questions helps borrowers evaluate if it is the optimal offer for their needs:
- What is the interest rate and is it fixed or variable?
- Does the rate depend on any factors like credit score?
- Is there a prepayment penalty for early repayment?
- What are the total fees including origination and processing fees?
- What is the exact monthly payment amount and due date?
- How much can I borrow based on my income and credit profile?
- How will extra payments be applied – towards principal or next month?
- Are there late fees and what is considered late?
- Will my credit rating be impacted if I default on payments?
Getting clear answers to these questions allows full transparency on the loan terms so that borrowers can make an informed decision.
Tips for FirstCheck your credit report – Review your credit report to understand your score and fix any errors before applying. This helps get an accurate picture of terms you may qualify for.
Compare multiple lender offers – Don’t go with the first loan offer you receive. Compare rates and fees from at least 3 online lenders and local banks or credit unions. This allows you to negotiate the best possible terms.
Understand the repayment terms – Make sure you can afford the monthly payments for the entire loan duration without financial hardship. Avoid loans with balloon payments.
Look for fixed rates – Opt for loans with fixed interest rates instead of variable/adjustable rates to lock in predictable EMIs that don’t increase suddenly.
Evaluate prepayment options – Check if prepaying the loan early results in any penalties. Flexible prepayment can help you repay faster to reduce total interest costs.
Setup autopay – Automating your monthly payments from your bank account reduces the chances of missing a payment and incurring late fees.
Pay more than minimum EMI – Making extra or weekly payments towards your principal whenever possible accelerates repayment and saves on total interest.
Monitor credit impact – Keep an eye on whether your installment loan is being reported to the credit bureaus and helping improve your credit history.
Avoid renewing or refinancing – Refinancing loans to stretch repayment can get very expensive over time. Have a plan to pay off the balance instead of renewing.
Following these tips will help first-time borrowers have a smooth installment loan experience. Make sure to borrow only what you can comfortably afford to repay.
Alternatives to Installment Loans
While installment loans offer easy access to credit, there are a few alternatives borrowers can explore to access funds for personal needs:
401(k) Loan – You can borrow up to 50% of your vested 401(k) balance up to $50,000 and repay with interest over 1-5 years. No credit check is required but it reduces retirement savings.
Credit Union Payday Alternative Loan (PAL) – Offered by federally certified credit unions, these allow borrowing between $200 to $1,000 with repayment between 1-6 months.
Credit Card Cash Advance – Can withdraw cash from credit cards up to a certain limit. But fees and interest rates are considerably higher than installment loans.
Payment Plan With Service Providers – Options like medical or auto repair bill financing allow spread out payments interest-free over several months.
Borrowing From Friends and Family – Interest-free and flexible repayment, but can strain relationships. Should be documented with a loan contract.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) Lending – Online P2P lending networks connect individual borrowers and lenders offering competitive rates.
Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC) – Utilizes available equity on your home as collateral for a revolving credit line at lower interest rates.
Each option carries its own pros, cons and eligibility criteria. Comparing to installment loans can help decide the optimal source of financing for your specific situation and needs.
Key Takeaways
- Installment loans allow borrowing a lump sum amount to be repaid over fixed monthly payments for 12-60 months.
- Interest rates, fees, loan amounts offered depend on your credit profile and income level.
- Fixed payments provide predictable budgeting compared to revolving credit lines.
- Ideal for consolidating high-interest debt into lower rate installment plans.
- Defaulting can damage your credit and lead to penalties – so borrow only what you can repay.
- Compare multiple lender offers and review terms carefully before committing.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How is an installment loan different from a payday loan?
A: Payday loans are short-term single payment loans of a few hundred dollars due on the borrower’s next paycheck. Installment loans allow larger loan amounts repaid over many months or years in fixed EMIs at typically lower interest rates than payday loans.
Q: Where can I get an installment loan?
A: Both online lenders as well as traditional brick-and-mortar banks and credit unions offer installment loans. Compare rates across multiple platforms to find the best terms.
Q: Do installment loans hurt your credit?
A: If used responsibly by making timely payments, installment loans can actually help build your credit history. But defaulting on payments can negatively impact your credit score similar to other credit products.
Q: Can I get an installment loan with bad credit?
A: Most lenders require a minimum credit score between 600 and 700 to qualify for an installment loan. Those with poor credit below 600 may not be approved or get less favorable loan terms.
Q: How long does it take to be approved for an installment loan?
A: Online lenders can approve within 1 business day, while banks may take between 1-3 days to process physical applications. Direct depositing funds takes an additional 2-3 days after approval.
Conclusion
When used judiciously, installment loans allow borrowers to access credit for large personal expenses or consolidating debt under predictable repayment plans. By understanding associated rates, fees, and terms upfront, customers can determine if installment financing suits their needs better than alternatives like credit cards or payday loans.
Responsible borrowing matched with disciplined repayment is key to ensuring installment loans remain affordable and help you reach your financial goals. Comparing multiple lenders to get the most competitive offer can maximize savings on interest costs.